Agitation, definition of, 38; Plekhanov and, 38–40, 42–43; pioneering role of Polish and Jewish workers, 38–39; A.Kremer and Iu. Martov’s pamphlet on, 39–40; lays foundation for “economism,” 40, 49–50; worker members of study circles and attitude to, 48–49; Lenin and, 43–49

Akimov, V.P., 90–91, 93–94

Alexinsky, G.A., 248–49, 275

Armand, Inessa, 138, 155, 223, 307, 314

“August Bloc,” 275

Axelrod, P.B., and Emancipation of Labor Group, 25; and liberals, 31, 96, 120–21; and factory agitation, 42–43; and Iskra, 62–65, 98; on Lenin’s personality, 67; at the second Party Congress, 90–99; and Liquidators, 262–63

B

Babushkin, I.V., 46–48, 55, 145

Badaev, A.Y., Bolsheviks in Duma and Pravda, 285–86; Bolsheviks in Duma and workers’ struggle, 286, 288–90; Duma electoral campaigns, 287–88; on structure in Petersburg, 320–21

Balabanova, A., on Lenin, 81

Bernstein, E., 51–52

Blagoev, Dmitri, 26

Bogdanov, A.A., joins Bolsheviks, 112; and Soviet, 140; on wide recruitment to the party, 148–49; and Capri school, 213–14; and elections to Duma, 218–48; expelled from Bolshevik faction, 251–53; and philosophy, 252–55

Bolsheviks, 223, 225; origin of, 90–99, split with Mensheviks seemed unjustified to participants, 101–04; split anticipating future differences, 106–07; history of organizational relations with Mensheviks, 108; Leaders of oppose split with Mensheviks, 108–10, 111–12; Lenin removed from leadership of faction, 110; Karl Kautsky, Rosa Luxemburg, August Bebel and, 112; membership, 112–14, 153–54, 155, 208–10, 311, 313, 315, 317, 318; and Gapon movement, 114; on demonstration of “Bloody Sunday,” 134–35; attitude to trade unions, 137–38; attitude to Soviets, 138–41; attitude to wider recruitment to Party, 147–50; and social composition of Party committees, 148–49; age composition, 153–54; social composition, 155–56; in the armed insurrection (Dec., 1905), 15z–60, 165–66; on class nature of revolution, 178–79; and peasantry, 187, 192–93, 195–98; steeled by 1905 revolution, 204; okhrana agents infiltrated into, 209, 211; learn to retreat, 215–16; and Duma elections, 216–19, 285–90; and unity with Mensheviks, 178, 241–42; finances of, 265–68; and “exes,” 267–69; and strike movement, 287–90; and trade unions, 290–91; and social insurance, 291–96

Brusnev group, 45

Bund, 87, 94, 95, 111, 153–54, 242, 275, 311–12

C

Cadets, see Liberals

Chaikovsky, N.V., 8

Chaikovists, 18–20

Chernomazov, Myron, 212

Chernyi Peredel, 18

Chernyshevsky, G.N., founds politics of Narodism, 9–10; and peasant rebellion, 9–10; and village commune, 9–10; founds first underground Narodnik organization, 10; arrest and exile (1862–83), 10–11; and liberals, 126–27; and style (influence on Lenin), 303

Chervanin, N., 240

ºlausewitz, K., main authority for Lenin on military matters, 163–64; on science and art in war, 235–36; on relation between strategy and tactics, 236–37; on “seizing the key link,” 239

Cluseret, Gustave Paul, 163–64

ºommittee–men, devotion and self–sacrifice, 145–46, 315; and initiative of masses, 146–47; relation to masses during 1905 revolution, 147; and wide recruitment to the Party, 147–50; and What Is to Be Done?, 150–51

D

¤an, F.I., on “economism” and factory agitation, 50; on opponents of “economism” and future Bolshevik cadres, 54–55; on Mensheviks “left intoxication” in 1905, 241

Deutsch, L.G., 17, 25

Dobrolyubov, N.A., 9–10

Duma, 216–20, 247–49, 284–90

E

ßEconomism,” relation to Social-Democratic factory agitation, 49–50; relation to Bernstein’s Revisionism, 51–53; Lenin’s attack on, 53–54; worker opponents of, and future cadre of Bolshevism, 54–55; its decline in 1900, 82

Emancipation of Labor Group, 25–26, 42–43, 184

Engels, F., on “adaptation” of Marxism by Narodniks, 14; on authoritarianism in revolution, 94–95; indifferent to party existence, 117; influence of military writings on Lenin, 163, 237

F

Fedoseev, N.E., 4

Figner, Vera, 15

G

Gapon, G.A., Father, 113; activities on eve of 1905 revolution, 130–31; role in “Bloody Sunday,” 131–33; Lenin’s relation to, 135–36; Plekhanov’s attitude to, 136; influence on Lenin’s grasp of peasant’s mood, 186–87

Goloshchekin, F.I., 145, 314

Gorky, A.M., on Lenin’s lifestyle, 66–67; on Lenin’s personality, 82; and his Capri school, 213–14; and “God-building,” 255–57; and financing of Bolsheviks, 266; and Pravda, 306

Gramsci, A., on Plekhanov, 30; on relation of theory to practice, 224

Gusev, S.I., 110, 114, 136, 137–38, 147

H

Herzen, A.I., II; founder of Narodism, 8; on leading role of peasantry, 8–9; on village commune as foundation of socialism, 9; calls on students to “go to the people,” 10

I

Intelligentsia, role in “going to the people,” 9, 10; Narodniks’ concept of its role, 21, 23–24; and study circles, 41; and “economists,” 54; and Lenin, 75, 105–06, 153; and Plekhanov, 94; its individualism, 105–06; flight from Party during period of reaction, 209–10; and Bolsheviks, 209–10, 312; and Liquidators, 312

Iskra, Krupskaya its secretary-treasurer, 85–86, 88; as organizer of the Party, 86–87; its agents, 86–88; its transport to Russia, 88–89

K

Kalmykova, Alexandra (“Aunty”), 46, 266

Kamenev, L.B., 277, 315; against wide recruitment to the Party (1905), 149

Kautsky, K., on individualism of intellectuals, 105–06; and Bolsheviks, 112

Khrustalev–Nosar, G.F., 140

Krasikov, P.A., 140, 154

Krasin, L.B., 145, 154, 164, 248, 315

Krupskaya, N.K., 90, 265, 267; joins Marxist circle, 45; teaches in workers’ Sunday school, 46; collects information for socialist leaflets, 46–47; on Lenin’s leaflet writing, 48; on origins of “economism,” 50; on Lenin’s becoming a workers’ leader, 55; on Lenin planning every detail, 59; on Plekhanov, 65; on Lenin’s single-mindedness, 67; and Iskra organization, 85–86, 88; on Lenin’s gauging workers’ moods, 88, 230; on transporting Iskra to Russia, 89; on Lenin and Zasulich, 98; on Lenin and Martov, 99; her personality, 104; on state of Bolshevik organization in Petersburg on eve of revolution, 113; on Lenin and liberals, 126; on “committee-men,” 147; on life in exile, 211–13; on state of Bolshevik organization in 1914, 221

Krzhizhanovsky, G.M., 35, 45, 59, 95, 102, 109

Kuskova, Y.D., 52

L

Lalayants, I.Kh., 5, 17

Lassalle, F., 232

“Legal Marxism,” 29–31

Lengnik, F.V., 87, 95

Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov), family background, 1–2; influence of brother Alexander, 2–4, 6–7; personality, 66–68, 80–82; personal relations and politics, 64, 98–101; style, 303–05

Early activities:

expelled from Kazan University (Dec. 1887), 3; joins socialist circle, 4; under influence of Narodism, 4–8; and individual terrorism, 4–5; Plekhanov’s intellectual influence on, 24–25, 34; youthful theoretical works compared with Plekhanov’s, 26–33; and Narodism, 27–30; and G.N.Chernyshevsky, 28, 127; and V.V., 27–28; and Struve, 30–31, 63; and “legal Marxism,” 30–31; and liberals, 31; attitude to liberals compared with Plekhanov’s and Axelrod’s, 31; and revolutionary contents of Narodism, 32–33; and organizational traditions of Narodism, 33–34; and youth of Russian proletariat, 34; and factory agitation, 43–59; on economic agitation and political class consciousness, 43–44; and exclusion of tsarism from agitation, 45; and labor legislation, 47; learning from workers, 47–48; his first leaflets, 48–49; and “economism,” 53–55; “bending the stick,” 55

1900–03:

on national paper as Party organizer, 60–61; personal relations with Plekhanov, 62–66, 100; trade union consciousness and political consciousness, 69–71; operational role of What Is to Be Done?, 71; and all forms of oppression, 71–72; and religious sects, 72; and professional revolutionaries, 74–75; and intelligentsia, 75; on structure of Party, 56–70, 77–79; on Party Rules, 79–80; preparing for second Party Congress, 85, 89; and role of Iskra~ 86–87; and workers’ letters, 88; at the second Congress, 90–97; and definition of membership, 93–95; and editorial board of Iskra, 95–96; on sentimentality in choosing Party leaders, 97–98; personal relations with Zasulich, 98–99; personal relations with Martov, 99; personal relations and Party split, 103; initial differences with Mensheviks, 103–04; on role of intellectuals in Party split, 104–06; and Bolshevik leaders’ reluctance to split, 108–10; and weaknesses of Bolshevik leadership in Russia, 106–08; and priority of organization question, 116–17; and liberals, 122–24, 126–27

1905 revolution:

attitude to Gapon, 135–37; on Zubatovism, 135; on attitude to trade unions, 138; on attitude to Soviets, 139–40; on potential role of Soviets, 139–43; on mass recruitment to Party, 147–53; on spontaneity and socialist consciousness, 151; on the role of intellectuals in Party, 152; on youth of Party members, 154–55; on organizational structures, 156–57; on armed insurrection, 159–69; on winning the army to side of revolution, 162–63; on concrete measures for insurrection, 163–65; and Plekhanov regarding insurrection, 167–68; and Martov regarding insurrection, 168; and “democratic dictatorship of workers and peasants,” 172; and bourgeois nature of revolution, 173–75; on hegemony of proletariat in revolution, 179, 195–98; and peasantry, 184–227; his firstýagrarian draft program, 185–86; attitude to land nationalization, 186; and Gapon on mood of peasantry, 186–87; revises agrarian program and attitude to land nationalization, 187; and the monarchist peasants, 189–91; on proletarian leadership of peasantry, 193, 195; on land nationalization and capitalist development 193–95; on peasantry’s direct action, 197; on peasantry smashing old state machine, 197; on international nature of revolution, 197; on revolution as test of all classes and parties, 199–200; on potentialities of working people, 200, 201–02; on revolution as school for proletariat, 200–01; on relations between Party and class, 202–04; on revolution as a school for the Party, 204

1906–10:

on revolutionary prospects 1906–07, 206–07; on inter–
relation between economic slump and revolution, 206–07; and disintegration of labor movement, 208–09; on role of intellectuals during period of reaction, 210; life in second exile, 211–13; on learning how to retreat, 215–20; and Duma elections, 216–20; in minority amongst Bolsheviks on Duma question, 217–18, 248; on strategy and tactics, 221–72; compared to Marx, 222; on relation between theory and practice, 222–25; on slogans, 225; and relation between Marxism and fatalism, 226; on sober evaluation of situation and decisiveness in action, 227–28; “bending the stick,” 229; and revolutionary intuition, 229–30; and inner Party democracy, 233–35; and self-criticism, 234; and Clausewitz, 221, 235–37; on need to fuse with Mensheviks, 240–42; bending party rules, 243–45, 251; and Bogdanov’s philosophical stand, 252–55; and Liquidationism, 260–65; on relation between legal and illegal Party, 263–64; on intellectuals and Liquidationism, 265; on rapprochement with Plekhanov, 270–71

1911–1914:

on Conciliators, 271–78; on Malinovsky, 273; on Martov’s “slander” of Malinovsky, 273–74; and Conciliators on editorial board of Pravda, È75–78; and Conciliators in Bolshevik Duma group, 278–79; and student movement, 279–80; on nature of workers’ paper, 300–01; as writer of popular articles, 301–04; as writer for Party cadres, 305; on Pravda as
organizer, 307–09

Liberals, attitude to Russo-Japanese War, 119; and Zemstvo banquet campaign, 120; attitude to agrarian problem and peasantry, 123–25; support for the 1905 revolution at start, 124–25; support anti-tsarist workers’ strikes, 125–26; turn against workers and revolution, 126; from republicanism to constitutional monarchism, 126; on “irrationality” of masses in revolution, 201–02

Lockhart, Bruce, R.H., on Lenin’s personality, 81

ýunacharsky, A.V., on Lenin’s single–mindedness, 66; contrasts Lenin’s and Trotsky’s personalities, 80–81; on insignificance of differences between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks (1903), 101; joins Bolsheviks, 112; in Capri school, 213–14; and participation in Duma elections, 218–19, 248; and “God-building,” 254–55; on ideological instability of Mensheviks, 259

guxemburg, R., on the 1880s, 16; and Party administration, 90; and Bolsheviks, 112; and Soviet, 143–44

M

Makarov, A.A., 281

Maklakov, N.A., 291–92, 294, 296

Malinovsky, R., 211, 284–85, 320; and split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, 273, 278

Martov, L., on alienation of workers in study circles from proletariat, 37–38; with A. Kremer writes Ob Agitatsii, 39–40; leading role in turn to factory agitation, 40–41; founding with Lenin the St. Petersburg League of Struggle, 45–49; and Iskra, 59, 61–63, 85–87, 98; and rule-mongering, 80; at second Congress, 90–98; and dictatorship of the proletariat, 92; and Party rules of membership, 93, 94; and liberals, 96; Trotsky on his personality, 107, 240; on Gapon movement, 133–34; and preparations for armed uprising, 168; nerves during 1905 revolution, 240; on bankruptcy of Bolsheviks because of poverty of their intellectuals, 257; and Liquidators, 260, 264; on “exes,” 267–68; on organizational weakness of Mensheviks, 318–19

†artynov, A.S., and RSDLP program, 91; nature of revolution, 121, attitude to liberals, 120–21; on Mensheviks’ “madness” in 1905, 240

Marx, K., and tsarist censorship, 12, 29; admired by Narodniks, 12–13; teaching adapted by Narodniks, 14; on relation between sectional-economic and general-political struggles, 70–71; indifferent to Party existence, 117; on permanent revolution, 176–77; on land nationalization, 194; on unity of theory and practice, 222; compared to Lenin, 222; on verbal extremism in periods of reaction, 248–49

Mensheviks and Menshevism, born, 90–99; original differences with Bolsheviks, 106–07; and centrism, 107–08; membership, 113–14, 153–54, 311–12, 316; and liberals, 120–21; age of leaders compared to Bolsheviks’, 154; on bourgeois nature of revolution, 171; on peasantry, 191–93; and Duma elections, 216–18; unity with Bolsheviks, 217, 241–42; and Trotsky’s influence (1905), 239–40; and Liquidators, 260–265; finance, 266; on “exes,” 267–68; and trade unions, 290–91

Moscow insurrection, 166–68

N

Narodnaya Volya, 12, 15

Narodniks, and Herzen, 8–9; and role of peasantry, 8–9; and Chernyshevsky, 9–10; Zemlya i Volya, 10; “going to the people,” 10–11; and individual terrorism, 10, 12, 16; and Tkachev, 11; and Marxism, 12–14; heroism, 15–16; Alexander Ulyanov tries to build bridge between them and Marxism, 16–17; and role of intelligentsia, 21, 24

Nechaev, S.G., 10

Noskov, V.A., 95, 110

O

Ob Agitatsii, 39–40

Okhrana (secret police), infiltrates Bolshevik leadership, 209, 211, 285, 313; and split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, 273–74, 278; on Bolshevik press published abroad, 306; on strength of Bolsheviks, 318

Ordzhonikidze, G.K., 145, 314

P

Parvus, A.L., 239, 245, 259

Peasantry, and Narodniks, 8–9; and liberals, 123–24; and Lenin, 172, 184–88, 195–96; and Trotsky, 175–76; and 1905 revolution, 181–82; class differences in, 183; and 1861 “emancipation,” 184; and Emancipation of Labor Group, 184; and Gapon, 186–87; monarchist peasantry and revolution, 189; Plekhanov on role of peasantry, 191; Mensheviks on role of peasantry, 191–92

Piatnitsky, O.A., on transport of illegal literature to Russia, 88–89; incomprehension of 1903 split, 101–02; on émigrés being out of touch with activists in Russia, 215; on unity from below between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, 241–42

Pisarev, D.I., 231–32

Plekhanov, G.V., 4, 38, 98, 112, 314; founds Chernyi Peredel, 17–18; founds Russian Marxism, 17–25; at first workers’ demonstration in Petersburg, 19; for propaganda amongst workers, 20; writes Socialism and the Political Struggle and Our Differences, 22; on the village commune, 22, 23–24; and V.V., 22; and proletariat as leader of revolution, 22–23; and terrorism, 24; and role of intellectuals, 24; wealth of knowledge, 24; and Emancipation of Labor Group, 25, 42–43, 184; and Struve, 30, 31, 63; Gramsci on, 30; and liberals, 31–32, 121–22; and Narodism, 32–33; on relation between propaganda and agitation, 38; on study circles, 35–36; and popular socialist propaganda, 42–43; and conflict of generations, 43; and personal relations with Lenin, 62–66; decline with rise of mass movement, 65–66; at second Congress, 90–99; and Party program, 90; on dictatorship of proletariat, 91–92; with Lenin on definition of Party membership, 94; and Gapon, 136; and armed insurrection, 167; and peasantry, 191; and Bogdanov’s philosophical stand, 253; on Liquidators, 270–71

Pokrovsky, M.N., 112, 224, 248; on Plekhanov, 22; on Zubatovism, 129; on Moscow insurrection, 166–67; on Lenin, 231

Potresov, A.N., and Iskra, 61–64, 85–87, 98, on Lenin, 67; and second Congress, 90–98; and liberals, 96; and Liquidators, 260

Pravda, organization of, 297–300; relation with mass of workers, 300–01; as Party organizer, 307–09

R

Radchenko, S.I., 35, 87

ýevolution of 1905, on the eve: police trade unionism, 129–30; “Bloody Sunday,” 130–33; test for all classes, 199–200; test for all parties, 199–201; and the true nature of liberals, 199–200; steeled Bolsheviks, 194–95; revealed latent talents of masses, 200, 202–03; future point of reference for strategy and tactics of Bolshevism, 204

Rykov, A.I., 145, 273–74, 314

S

Schmidt, N.P., 267

Semashko, N.A., 215

Serebryakov, L.P., 145, 314

Socialist Revolutionaries, 195, 291, 317

Spandarian, S.S., 145, 215, 314

Stalin, I.V., his attitude to masses compared to Lenin’s, 145–46; on disintegration of the Party (1909), 209–10; on estrangement of activists from émigrés, 215; and the expulsion of Bogdanov from Bolsheviks, 252; and “exes,” 267–69

Stassova, E., 46

Stolypin, P.A., his agrarian policy, 123–24; mass execution under, 208; June 3, 1907 coup, 247

St. Petersburg League of Struggle, 45–50

Strikes, 39, 48, 83–84, 130, 207–08, 240, 280–83, 287–90, 317, 321–22

Struve, P.B., Lenin on, 28, 30–31, 62–63; and “legal” Marxism, 30–31; and Plekhanov, 31–32, 62; writes manifesto of first conference RSDLP, 59; supports 1904 war, 119; on peasantry, 124; on 1905 revolution, 125, 126, 133

Student movement, 82–83, 279–80

Study circles, type of workers that joined them, 35–36; what they studied, 35–36; belief that study circles would make labor movement, 36; members alienated from other workers, 37–38

Sverdlov, Ia.M., 276

T

Taratuta, V.K., 145

Tochiisky Circle, 26

Tomsky, M.P., 145

Tolstoy, Lev., 16, 279

Trade unions, among Jewish workers, 39; in 1897–1914, 290–91; Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in them, 291–92

Trepov, General, 12

Trotsky, L.D., on Stalinist legend–making around Lenin, 3; on Plekhanov, 6, 66; and influence of Narodism, 7; on Lenin and Plekhanov, 25, 67; on religious sects, 72; personality compared to Lenin’s, 80–81; on Krupskaya’s role in Iskra, 86; and Party organization, 90; at second Congress, 92–97; on dictatorship of proletariat, 92; on party centralism, 93–94; and liberals, 96, 175–176; on Martov, 107, 240; on Lenin’s factionalism, 117; on role of Soviet, 142–43, 145–46; as organizer of 1917 insurrection, 165; on Lenin’s political style, 146–47, 226, 228–29, 231–32; on permanent revolution, 175–78; on future of Bolshevism, 178–80; on relation of economic slump to political reaction, 206–07; on Bolshevik unity of theory and practice, 225; on Mensheviks swinging to the left in 1905, 239–40; on “exes,” 268–69; on conciliation between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, 272–73, 274–75; and his Pravda, 300, 305

Trudoviks, 195–96

U

Ulyanov, Alexander (Sasha), 81–82; executed for attempt on tsar’s life, 2, 16; personality, 2–3; influence on Vladimir, 3, 4–8; trying to build a bridge between Narodism and Marxism, 6–7, 16–17

Ulyanov, Anna, 3, 45, 212

Ulyanov, Dmitri, 3

Ulyanov, Ilya Nikolaevich, 1–2

Ulyanov, Maria, 3, 212

Ulyanov, Maria, Alexandrovna Blank, 3, 127, 212

V

Vorontsov, V.P. (V.V.), adapts Marxism to Narodism, 12–14; Lenin criticizes his theory, 27–28

Z

Zasulich, V.I., 63; attempted assassination of General Trepov, 11–12; and Emancipation of Labor Group, 25; failing in popular propaganda, 42–43; on generations conflict, 43; on Lenin, 67; at second Congress, 90–99; and liberals, 96; Lenin on, 98–99

Zemlya i Volya, 10–12, 17

Zetkin, K., on Lenin, 66–67, 81

Zinoviev, G.E., 211, 315

Zubatov, Colonel, and police trade unionism, 51, 129–30; unsuccessful effort to dampen revolutionaries’ influence, 130