1 V.I. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, translated from the 4th Russian edition, p. 48.

2 I. Lalaiants, “On my meetings with V.I. Lenin in the period 1893–1900,” Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, no. 1 (84), 1929, p. 49.

3 A. Elizarova, “Memories of Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov,” Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, nos. 2, 3, 1927, p. 287.

4 p.p. Pospelov, et al., Vladimir Ilyich Lenin: Biografiia, Moscow 1963, p. 9.

5 E. Foss, “The first prison of V.I. Lenin,” Ogonek, no. 11, 1926, p. 5.

6 V. Adoratsky, “After 18 years (meeting Vladimir Ilyich),” Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, no. 3 (26), 1924, p. 94.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, pp. 517–18.

8 G.M. Krzhizhanovsky, O Vladimire Ilyiche, Moscow 1924, pp. 13–14.

9 N. Valentinov, Vstrechi s Leninym, New York 1953, p. 106.

10 L. Trotsky, The Young Lenin, New York 1972, p. 192.

11 Trotsky, Young Lenin, p. 131.

12 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 42, p. 443.

13 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 42, p. 453.

14 I. Deutscher, Lenin’s Childhood, London 1970, pp. 52–53.

15 F. Venturi, Roots of Revolution, London 1960, pp. 34–35.

16 Venturi, p. 129.

17 Venturi, p. 136.

18 Venturi, p. 159.

19 Venturi, p. 505.

20 Venturi, p. 503.

21 G.V. Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, vol. 1, Moscow 1961, p. 182.

22 B.A. Chagin, Proniknovenie idei marksizma v Rossiiu, Leningrad 1948, p. 10.

23 A. Walicki, The Controversy over Capitalism, London 1969, p. 63.

24 Manifesto of the Communist Party, in K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, vol. 1, London 1950, pp. 36–37.

25 Perepiska K. Marksa i F. Engelsa s russkimi politicheskimi deiateliami, Moscow 1947, p. 341.

26 Walicki, p. 26.

27 Quoted by Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, vol. 1, p. 439.

28 Trotsky, Young Lenin, pp. 52–53.

29 V. Korolenko, Die Geschichte meines Zeitgenossen, vol. 1, Berlin 1919, pp. 47–48.

30 N.K. Karataev, Narodnicheskaia ekonomicheskaia literatura, Moscow 1958, p. 631.

31 V. Ivanov-Razumnik, Istoriia russkoi obshchestvennoi mysl, vol. 2, St. Petersburg 1908, p. 335.

32 S.H. Baron, Plekhanov, London 1963, p. 44.

33 Chaikovsky ended his life as head of the White Government of Archangel after the October Revolution, and then died as an émigré in France.

34 Venturi, p. 511.

35 Venturi, p. 481.

36 Venturi, p. 516.

37 M.N. Pokrovsky, Brief History of Russia, vol. 1, London 1933, p. 220.

38 G.V. Plekhanov, Sochineniia, vol. 1, Moscow 1923, pp. 67ff.

39 Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, p. 844.

40 Plekhanov, “Our differences,” Selected Philosophical Works, p. 384.

41 Pokrovsky, Brief History of Russia, p. 230.

42 Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, p. 451.

43 Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, p. 224.

44 Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, p. 266.

45 Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, p. 120.

46 Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, p. 452.

47 Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, p. 138.

48 Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, p. 390.

49 Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, pp. 391–92. In the 1905 edition of Our Differences, Plekhanov gives the following lame explanation for his statement on terrorism, made in 1884: “On the basis of this passage it was subsequently said that the Emancipation of Labor Group sympathized with ‘terrorism.’ But as long as it has existed that group has held that terrorism is inconvenient for the workers; it was certainly useless at that time to pronounce against the terrorist activity of the intelligentsia who believed in it as in a god” (p. 392).

50 Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, pp. 402–03.

51 Trotsky, Young Lenin, pp. 189–90.

52 Baron, p. 126.

53 L. Martov, Razvitie krupnoi promyshlennosti i rabochee dvizhenie v Rossii, Petersburg-Moscow 1923, p. 19.

54 M. Gordon, Workers before and after Lenin, New York 1941, p. 16.

55 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 18, p. 297.

56 See N.S. Krupskaya, Memories of Lenin, London 1970, pp. 14–15.

57 Russkoye Bogatstvo was a leading journal of economics, sociology, philosophy, and literature, edited by the most prominent veteran Narodnik theoretician, N.K. Mikhailovsky.

58 E. Lampert, Sons against Father, Oxford 1965, p. 173.

59 D. Geyer, Lenin in der russischen Sozialdemokratie, Cologne-Graz 1962, pp. 7–8.

60 Baron, p. 144.

61 Plekhanov, Izbrannie filosofskie proizvedeniia, vol. 4, Moscow 1956, pp. 113–14.

62 Plekhanov, Izbrannie filosofskie proizvedeniia, vol. 1, p. 392.

63 Plekhanov, Izbrannie filosofskie proizvedeniia, vol. 4, p. 86.

64 A. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, London 1971, p. 387.

65 See Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, p. 789.

66 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 1, p. 338.

67 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 1, p. 394.

68 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 1, p. 499.

69 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 1, pp. 400–01.

70 Perepiska G.V. Plekhanova i P.B. Akselroda, vol. 1, Moscow 1925, p. 271.

71 Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, pp. 116–17.

72 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 1, p. 503.

73 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 18, p. 359.

74 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, pp. 119–20.

75 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, p. 246.

76 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, pp. 474–75.

chapter 2: from the marxist study
circle to industrial action

1 G.V. Plekhanov, “The Russian worker in the revolutionary movement,” Sochineniia, vol. 3, p. 131.

2 Plekhanov, “The Russian worker,” p. 143.

3 E. Mendelsohn, “Worker opposition in the Russian Jewish socialist movement: From the 1890s to 1903,” International Review of Social History, 1965.

4 A.K. Wildman, The Making of a Workers’ Revolution: Russian Social Democracy, 1891–1903, Chicago 1967, p. 31.

5 J. Frankel, ed., Vladimir Akimov on the Dilemmas of Russian Marxism, 1895–1903, London 1969, pp. 235–36.

6 Quoted in Mendelsohn.

7 S.I. Mitskevich, Revoliutsionnaia Moskva, Moscow 1940, p. 144.

8 Wildman, p. 34.

9 Wildman, p. 32.

10 Wildman, p. 37.

11 L. Martov, Zapiski sotsial-demokrata, Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow 1922, pp. 224–25.

12 Martov, p. 227.

13 Plekhanov, O zadachi sotsiaIistov v borbe s golodom v Rossii, Geneva 1892, p. 58.

14 Plekhanov, O zadachi sotsiaIistov, p. 79.

15 S.N. Valk, “Materials on the history of May Day in Russia,” Krasnaia letopis, no. 4, 1922, p. 253.

16 V.V. Sviatlovsky, Istoriia professionalnogo dvizheniia v Rossii, Leningrad 1925, p. 301.

17 D. Pospielovsky, Russian Police Trade Unions, London 1971, p. 7.

18 Ob agitatsii, Geneva 1896, p. 1.

19 Ob agitatsii, p. 9.

20 Ob agitatsii, pp. 16–17.

21 Ob agitatsii, pp. 17–18.

22 Martov, Istoriia RSDRP, Moscow 1922, p. 28.

23 Martov, Zapiski sotsial-demokrata, pp. 250–52.

24 Frankel, p. 238.

25 Frankel, p. 288.

26 Martov, Zapiski sotsial-demokrata, pp. 227–32.

27 Frankel, p. 214.

28 Martov, Zapiski sotsial-demokrata, pp. 227–28.

29 A. Voden, “At the dawn of legal Marxism,” Letopis marksizma, no. 3, 1927, p. 80.

30 Wildman, p. 166.

31 Wildman, p. 164.

32 L. Deich, ed., Gruppa “Osvobozhdenie Truda,” vol. 6, Moscow 1928, p. 174.

33 Perepiska G.V. Plekhanova i P.B. Akselroda, vol. 1, p. 166.

34 Perepiska G.V. Plekhanova i P.B. Akselroda, vol. 1, p. 32.

35 Deich, vol. 6, pp. 204–05.

36 Deich, vol. 6, pp. 207–08.

37 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 2, p. 114.

38 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 2, p. 115.

39 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 2, p. 72.

40 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 2, p. 85.

41 Novy mir, June 1963.

42 Krupskaya, p. 19.

43 Krupskaya, p. 20.

44 Geyer, p. 49.

45 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 491.

46 Krupskaya, pp. 21, 26.

47 Krupskaya, pp. 25.

48 R. Pipes, Social Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement, 1885–97, Cambridge, Mass., 1963, pp. 93–94.

49 Pokrovsky, vol. 2, p. 37.

50 Krupskaya, p. 29.

51 T. Dan, The Origins of Bolshevism, New York 1964, pp. 211–12.

52 Pipes, p. 124.

53 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, pp. 173–74.

54 Martov, Zapiski sotsial-demokrata, p. 410.

55 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, p. 367.

56 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, pp. 293–94.

57 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, p. 367.

58 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, p. 367.

59 Dan, p. 212.

60 Krupskaya, p. 27.

61 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 36, pp. 51–52.

chapter 3: toward building the party

1 Lenin, “What Is to Be Done?” Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 467.

2 The organizational concept of this first congress was federalist and loose. One article stipulated that the Central Committee (CC) should not decide any questions that could be deferred to the next congress, and that only the most urgent questions were to be resolved by the CC on its own authority. Even in this case, the decision of the CC had to be unanimous (Kommunisticheskaia partiia sovetskogo soiuza v rezoliutsiakh i resheniiakh sezdov, konferentsii i plenumov Tsk, 7th edition, vol. 1, Moscow 1953, p. 14).

3 Krupskaya, p. 43.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, pp. 215–19.

5 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, pp. 222–23.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, pp. 333–34.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, p. 334.

8 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, p. 335.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, p. 334.

10 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, pp. 338, 340.

11 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, pp. 341–42.

12 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, p. 348.

13 Krupskaya, pp. 54–55.

14 Trotsky, My Life, New York 1960, p. 150.

15 A.V. Lunacharsky, Revolutionary Silhouettes, London 1967, p. 39.

16 M. Gorky, Lenin, Edinburgh 1967, p. 42.

17 Lenin, “Letter to Lenin’s mother, October 1, 1900,” in Collected Works, vol. 37, p. 592.

18 A.N. Potresov, Posmertnyi sbornik proizvedenii, Paris 1937, p. 299.

19 Trotsky, My Life, p. 152.

20 Z. Krzhizhanovskaia, Neskolko shtrikov iz zhizhni Lenina, vol. 2, Moscow 1925, p. 49.

21 C. Zetkin, Reminiscences of Lenin, New York 1934, pp. 50–51.

chapter 4: what is to be done?

1 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 349.

2 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 375.

3 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, pp. 384–86.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 422.

5 Gramsci, p. 197.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, pp. 315–16.

7 Marx, Engels, Lenin, Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism, Moscow 1972, p. 57.

8 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 402.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 412.

10 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 425.

11 V. Bonch-Bruyevich was a leading authority on the sectarian movements in Russia and had published a number of volumes of his investigations. He was a close collaborator with Lenin, supporting him at the second Congress and remaining in the Bolshevik camp throughout. During and after the 1905 Revolution, he was active in organizing the Bolshevik underground press.

12 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, p. 475.

13 See Trotsky, My Life, pp. 106–07.

14 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 423.

15 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, pp. 441–42.

16 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 443.

17 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 467.

18 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 464.

19 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, pp. 472–73.

20 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 1, p. 298.

21 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, pp. 22–23.

22 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, 514–16.

23 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 515.

24 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, p. 238.

25 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, p. 238.

26 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, pp. 243–45.

27 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, pp. 248–49.

28 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, pp. 251–52.

29 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, pp. 476–78.

30 Lenin, “One step forward, two steps back,” Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 244.

31 Lenin, “One step forward,” p. 246.

32 Lunacharsky, p. 69.

33 B. Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent, London 1932, pp. 233–34.

34 M.A. Silvin, “To the Biography of V.I. Lenin,” Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, no. 7, 1924, p. 68.

35 Gorky, p. 13.

36 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 42, p. 457.

37 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 253.

38 J. Martow, Geschichte der russischen Sozialdemokratie, Berlin 1926, pp. 49–50.

39 Martow, p. 60.

40 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 19, p. 329.

41 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 19, p. 330.

42 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 384.

chapter 5: the 1903 congress—
bolshevism is born

1 Krupskaya, p. 56.

2 Krupskaya, p. 69.

3 Trotsky, My Life, p. 152.

4 Krupskaya, p. 78.

5 Pisma P.V. Akselroda i Iu. O. Martova, Berlin 1924, vol. 1, p. 46.

6 I. Getzler, Martov, London 1967, p. 75.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 36, p. 112.

8 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 36, p. 113.

9 Wildman, p. 241.

10 Trotsky, Stalin, London 1947, p. 39.

11 Krupskaya, pp. 100–01.

12 O. Piatnitsky, Memoirs of a Bolshevik, London, p. 57.

13 Krupskaya, p. 71.

14 Geyer, pp. 319–20.

15 J.P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, London 1966, vol. 1, pp. 263–66.

16 Krupskaya, p. 83.

17 Vtoroi sezd RSDRP, Moscow 1959, p. 374.

18 Protokoly 2-go ocherednogo sezda zagranichnoi ligi russkoi revoliutsionnoi sots.-demokratii, Geneva 1904, p. 57.

19 Vtoroi sezd RSDRP, p. 169.

20 For the draft submitted, see Iskra, no. 21, June 1, 1902; for the program adopted by the Congress, see KPSS v Rezoliutsiakh, pp. 37–47.

21 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, pp. 502–03.

22 Vtoroi sezd RSDRP, p. 169.

23 Marx, Engels, Lenin, p. 103.

24 Martow, p. 81.

25 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 363.

26 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 286.

27 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 395.

28 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 31.

29 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, p. 195.

30 Krupskaya, p. 52.

31 Krupskaya, p. 53.

32 Krupskaya, pp. 92–93.

33 Krupskaya, p. 217.

34 Lenin, “Letter to P.A. Krasikov, April 5, 1905,” Collected Works, vol. 36, p. 145.

35 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 35, p. 99.

36 Krupskaya, pp. 229–30.

37 Krupskaya, p. 76.

38 Quoted in Trotsky, Stalin, p. 42.

39 Piatnitsky, pp. 59–60.

40 Trotsky, Stalin, p. 42.

41 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 39.

42 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 18, pp. 181–82.

43 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, pp. 164–65.

44 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 206.

45 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 404.

46 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, pp. 346–47.

47 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, pp. 147–48.

48 Krupskaya, p. 79.

49 Krupskaya, p. 89.

50 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, pp. 356–57.

51 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, pp. 391–92.

52 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, pp. 324–25.

53 Trotsky, History of the Russian Revolution, London 1934, p. 1156.

54 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, pp. 200–01.

55 Leninskii sbornik, vol. 15, pp. 249–59, 351–53.

56 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 571.

57 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 574.

58 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, pp. 143–44.

59 D. Lane, The Roots of Russian Communism, Assen 1969, p. 71.

60 Trotsky, Stalin, p. 43.

61 Geyer, p. 410.

62 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, p. 245.

63 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 37.

64 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, p. 303.

65 Listovki Petersburgskikh bolshevikov, 1902–1917 gg., vol. 1, Leningrad 1939.

66 Lane, p. 74.

67 Lane, p. 101.

68 V.I. Nevsky, Rabochee dvizhenie v ianvarskie dni 1905 goda, Moscow 1930, p. 85; S.M. Schwarz, The Russian Revolution of 1905, Chicago 1967, p. 65.

69 Nevsky, p. 65.

70 Nevsky, p. 157; Schwarz, p. 67.

71 Tretii sezd RSDRP, Moscow 1959, pp. 544–45.

72 Martow, p. 88.

73 Lane, p. 72.

74 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 143–45.

75 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, p. 293.

76 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, pp. 314–15.

77 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, p. 324.

78 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, p. 324.

79 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, p. 324.

80 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 36, p. 78.

81 Lenin, “What Is to Be Done?” Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 467.

82 Marx and Engels, Werke, Berlin 1966, vol. 27, p. 185.

83 Marx and Engels, p. 186.

84 N. Trotsky, Nashi politicheskie zadachi, Geneva 1904, p. 4.

chapter 6: fighting the liberals

1 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 385.

2 D.J. Dallin, The Rise of Russia in Asia, London 1950, p. 79.

3 Dallin, p. 81.

4 Quoted in B. Pares, A History of Russia, London 1937, p. 428.

5 Dan, p. 297.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, pp. 501–02.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, pp. 509–10.

8 A. Martynov, Dve Diktatury, Geneva 1904, pp. 57–58.

9 Quoted by G. Zinoviev, Istoriia Rossisskoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii (Boishevikov), Moscow-Leningrad 1923, p. 158.

10 Plekhanov, Selected Philosophical Works, p. 116.

11 Plekhanov, Sochineniia, vol. 15.

12 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 507, 511–12.

13 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 258.

14 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, pp. 511–12.

15 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 492.

16 See D.P. Dolgorukov and I.I. Petrunkevich, eds., Agrarnii vopros, Moscow 1905, a collection of articles on the land question, especially M.Ia. Gertsenshtein, “Land nationalization.”

17 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 191.

18 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 532.

19 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 191.

20 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 257.

21 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 22.

22 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 25.

23 Pokrovsky, vol. 2, p. 148.

24 Pokrovsky, vol. 2, p. 181.

25 Pokrovsky, vol. 2, p. 181.

26 Pokrovsky, vol. 2, p. 246.

27 S.E. Sef, Burzhuaziia v 1905 godu, Moscow-Leningrad 1926, p. 82.

28 P.N. Miliukov, God borbi. Publitsisticheskaia Khronika, 1905–06, St. Petersburg 1907, p. 171.

29 Quoted by Sef, p. 109.

30 Sef, p. 101.

31 Krupskaya, p. 17.

chapter 7: the 1905 revolution

1 S.S. Harcave, First Blood: the Russian Revolution of 1905, London 1965, p. 23.

2 Pokrovsky, vol. 2, pp. 52–53.

3 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 276.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 118.

5 Harcave, p. 97.

6 Trotsky, 1905, New York 1972, p. 77.

7 Trotsky, 1905, p. 76.

8 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 97–98.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 167.

10 Tretii sezd RSDRP, p. 54.

11 N. Doroshenko, “The role of the Social-Democratic Bolshevik organizations in January 1905 days,” Krasnaia letopis, no. 3, 1925, p. 211, quoted in Schwarz, pp. 68–69.

12 Doroshenko, p. 212.

13 Doroshenko, pp. 213–4.

14 Doroshenko, p. 214.

15 Doroshenko, p. 215; Schwarz, pp. 68–70.

16 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 90–91.

17 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 114.

18 Krupskaya, p. 104.

19 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 106.

20 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 416.

21 Krupskaya, pp. 104–05.

22 “The correspondence of N. Lenin and N.K. Krupskaya with S.I. Gusev’, Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, No.2(37), 1925, pp. 23–4. Schwarz, p. 66.

23 ibid. p. 36. Schwarz, ibid.

24 ‘The correspondence of N. Lenin and N.K. Krupskaya with the Odessa organization,” Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, December 1925, p. 62, quoted in Schwarz, pp. 157–58.

25 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, p. 359.

26 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, pp. 160–61.

27 V.S. Voitinsky, Gody pobed 11. porazhenii, Moscow 1923, quoted in J.L.H. Keep, The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia, London 1964, p. 230.

28 Voitinsky, p. 194; Keep, p. 231.

29 B.I. Gorev, Iz partiinogo proshlogo, Leningrad 1924, pp. 75–76; Schwarz, p. 180.

30 Schwarz, pp. 180–81.

31 Novaia zhizn, no. 5, November 1905; Lane, p. 88.

32 P. Gorin, Ocherki po istorii sovetov rabochikh deputatov v 1905 godu, Moscow 1925, p. 60; Schwarz, p. 181.

33 V.I. Nevsky, “Sovety v 1905 godu,” pp. 39–40, 70; Schwarz, pp. 183–84.

34 In Sverchkov, Na zare revoliutsii, Moscow 1921, pp. 6–7; Trotsky’s letter serves as a foreword; Schwarz, p. 181.

35 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 19.

36 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 20.

37 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 21.

38 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 21.

39 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, pp. 23–24.

40 Trotsky, 1905, p. 224.

41 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 99.

42 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, pp. 124–25.

43 Nettl, vol. 1, p. 340.

44 Trotsky, 1905, pp. 251, 253–54.

45 Trotsky in Nashe slovo, October 17, 1915; quoted in Trotsky, The Permanent Revolution, London 1962, p. 254.

chapter 8: “open the gates of the party”

1 J.V. Stalin, Works, vol. 1, p. 80.

2 Trotsky, Stalin, p. 64.

3 Krupskaya, pp. 114–15.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, pp. 145–46.

5 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, p. 307.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, pp. 409–10.

7 Tretii sezd RSDRP, p. 255; Schwarz, p. 217.

8 Tretii sezd RSDRP, p. 267.

9 Tretii sezd RSDRP, p. 265.

10 Tretii sezd RSDRP, p. 334.

11 Tretii sezd RSDRP, p. 275.

12 Tretii sezd RSDRP, p. 335; Schwarz, pp. 218–19.

13 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 408.

14 Tretii sezd RSDRP, p. 362.

15 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, pp. 407–15.

16 The opposition of the committeemen to the inclusion of workers in the committees was not limited to the Bolsheviks. The same happened among the Mensheviks (Martow, Geschichte der russischen Sozialdemokratie, p. 136).

17 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, pp. 107–08.

18 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 32.

19 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, pp. 301–02.

20 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 102.

21 Lenin, “The reorganization of the party,” Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 32.

22 Lenin, “The reorganization of the party,” p. 31.

23 Lenin, “The reorganization of the party,” p. 23.

24 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 238.

25 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 408.

26 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 36.

27 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 359.

28 Lane, pp. 12–13.

29 Lane, p. 37.

30 Lane, p. 36.

31 Lane, p. 35.

32 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, pp. 354–55.

33 Lenin, Collected Works,vol. 43, p. 613.

34 Lane, pp. 25–26.

35 Tretii sezd RSDRP, pp. 547–53.

36 Proletary, no. 22, October 1915; Lane, p. 116.

37 Keep, p. 287.

38 Lane, p. 37.

39 Lane, p. 38.

40 Lane, p. 39.

chapter 9: lenin on armed insurrection

1 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 132.

2 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 2, p. 342.

3 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, pp. 515–16.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, pp. 373–74.

5 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, pp. 18–19.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 132.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 369.

8 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 177.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, pp. 176–77.

10 Lenin, Collected Works, pp. 174–75.

11 Leninskii Sbornik, vol. 26, pp. 355–65.

12 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 344.

13 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, pp. 344–46.

14 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 153.

15 Lenin, “October 8, 1917,” Collected Works, vol. 26, p. 181.

16 Pokrovsky, vol. 2, pp. 208–09.

17 Pokrovsky, vol. 2, p. 212.

18 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 23, p. 250.

19 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, pp. 113–14.

20 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 173.

21 Iskra, March 2, 1904; Dan, p. 203.

22 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 174.

23 Piatyi sezd RSDRP, Moscow 1934, p. 62.

24 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 398.

25 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 178.

chapter 10: for a revolutionary provisional government

1 Dan, p. 332.

2 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 286.

3 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 56.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 94.

5 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, pp. 56–57.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 23.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, pp. 28–29.

8 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 112.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 27.

10 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 21, p. 33.

11 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 328.

12 Trotsky, 1905, p. 35.

13 Trotsky, “Results and prospects,” The Permanent Revolution, pp. 194–95.

14 Trotsky, “Results and prospects,” p. 201.

15 Trotsky, “Results and prospects,” p. 203.

16 Trotsky, “Results and prospects,” pp. 204–05.

17 Trotsky, “Results and prospects,” pp. 233–34.

18 Trotsky, “Results and prospects,” pp. 236–37.

19 Marx and Engels, Selected Works, vol. 2, p. 161.

20 Trotsky, 1905, pp. 316–17.

21 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 111.

22 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 27.

23 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 314.

24 Trotsky, “Results and prospects,” pp. 163–64.

chapter 11: the muzhik in rebellion

1 G.T. Robinson, Rural Russia under the Old Regime, London 1932, pp. 155–56.

2 L.O. Owen, The Russian Peasant Movement, 1906-17, London 1937, p. 20.

3 Trotsky, 1905, p. 188–90.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 227.

5 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 256.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 256.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 256.

8 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 4, pp. 44–45.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 170.

10 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, pp. 127–28.

11 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, p. 132.

12 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, p. 133–34.

13 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 6, p. 140.

14 Krupskaya, p. 110.

15 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 256–57.

16 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 177.

17 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 88.

18 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, pp. 194–95.

19 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, pp. 291–92.

20 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 309.

21 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 310–11.

22 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 313–14.

23 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, pp. 398–99.

24 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 311.

25 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 398.

26 Plekhanov, Sochineniia, vol. 3, p. 119.

27 Plekhanov, Sochineniia, vol. 3, pp. 382–83.

28 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 189.

29 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 203.

30 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 458.

31 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10 pp. 158–59.

32 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, pp. 243–44.

33 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, pp. 292–93.

34 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, pp. 319–20.

35 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 138.

36 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, pp. 323–25.

37 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 430.

38 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 411.

39 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 191.

40 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 59.

41 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 121.

42 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 467.

43 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 349.

44 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, pp. 181–82.

45 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 315.

46 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 349.

47 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 280.

chapter 12: the great dress rehearsal

1 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, pp. 268–69.

2 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 23, p. 241.

3 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 23, p. 237.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 387.

5 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 53.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, pp. 208–09.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 274.

8 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, pp. 253–54.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 259.

10 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 293.

11 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 23, p. 240.

12 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 26.

13 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 563.

14 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 435.

15 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 123.

16 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 29, p. 563.

17 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 29, p. 396.

18 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 65.

chapter 13: dark reaction victorious

1 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 135.

2 KPSS v Rezoliutsiiakh, vol. 1, pp. 100–01.

3 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 152.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 1, p. 17.

5 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 1, p. 130.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 1, p. 351.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 142.

8 Trotsky, My Life, p. 223.

9 Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 126–27.

10 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, pp. 395–96.

11 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 395.

12 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 406.

13 Pokrovsky, vol. 2, p. 284.

14 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 17.

15 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 345.

16 Krupskaya, p. 192.

17 Stalin, vol. 2, pp. 150–51.

18 Lane, p. 104.

19 Martow, Geschichte der russischen Sozialdemokratie, p. 195.

20 Trotsky, Stalin, p. 95.

21 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, pp. 17–18.

22 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, pp. 345–46.

23 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, p. 411.

24 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 289.

25 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 17.

26 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 202.

27 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 581.

28 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 36, p. 21.

29 Zinoviev, p. 241.

30 Krupskaya, p. 148.

31 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 18, p. 319.

32 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 37, p. 372.

33 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 37, pp. 396–97.

34 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 37, p. 451.

35 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 37, p. 56.

36 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, p. 421.

37 Krupskaya, pp. 185–86.

38 Krupskaya, p. 218.

39 D.A. Longley, “Central party control in the Bolshevik Party, 1909–17,” mimeographed 1973.

40 Lenin, Sochineniia, 5th Russian edition, vol. 48, pp. 54–55.

41 Lenin, Sochineniia, vol. 47, p. 223.

42 Lenin, Sochineniia, vol. 48, p. 267.

43 Lenin, Sochineniia, vol. 48, p. 58.

44 Stalin, vol. 2, p. 159.

45 Piatnitsky, p. 162.

46 Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, no. 2(14), 1923, p. 452.

47 Istoriia KPSS, Moscow 1966, p. 369.

48 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 31, p. 28.

49 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 182.

50 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, pp. 513–14.

51 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, pp. 182–83.

52 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, pp. 423–24.

53 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, pp. 80–81.

54 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, pp. 141, 145.

55 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 60.

56 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 278.

57 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, pp. 39–40.

58 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 42.

59 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 25, pp. 305–06.

chapter 14: strategy and tactics

1 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 24, p. 43.

2 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 30, p. 356.

3 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 35, p. 131.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 86.

5 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 65.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 27, p. 48.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 26, p. 135.

8 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 26, p. 56.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 103.

10 Molodaia gvardiia, February–March 1924, p. 248.

11 Gramsci, p. 201.

12 I. Deutscher, Stalin, London 1949, p. 116.

13 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 280.

14 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 146.

15 Trotsky, Terrorism and Communism, University of Michigan Press 1961, p. 101.

16 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 36.

17 Trotsky, History of the Russian Revolution, p. 138.

18 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 149.

19 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 22.

20 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 489.

21 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 9, p. 262.

22 Trotsky, History of the Russian Revolution, p. 978.

23 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, p. 502.

24 Trotsky, On Lenin, London 1971, pp. 124–25.

25 Trotsky, On Lenin, pp. 193–94.

26 Lenin, “Can the Bolsheviks retain state power?” Collected Works, vol. 26, p. 120.

27 Krupskaya, p. 106.

28 Trotsky, Diary in Exile, London 1958, p. 81.

29 T. Deutscher, ed., Not by Politics Alone, London 1973, p. 71.

30 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, pp. 509–10.

31 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 35, p. 242.

32. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 33, p. 227.

33 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 31, p. 57.

34 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 26, p. 58.

35 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 523.

36 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, pp. 310–11.

37 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, p. 159.

38 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, pp. 442–43.

39 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 230.

40 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 321.

41 Carl von Clausewitz, On War, London 1971, pp. 164–65.

42 Clausewitz, p. 91.

43 Clausewitz, p. 166.

44 Clausewitz, p. 241.

45 Clausewitz, p. 389.

46 Clausewitz, p. 266.

chapter 15: semi-unity with the mensheviks

1 Getzler, p. 110.

2 Trotsky, My Life, p. 182.

3 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 2, p. 352.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 104.

5 M.I. Vasilev-Iuzhin, Moskovskii sovet rabochikh deputatov v 1905 g., Moscow 1925, p. 85.

6 M.N. Pokrovsky, ed., 1905, Moscow-Leningrad 1926, pp. 443–45.

7 B.D. Wolfe, Three Who Made a Revolution, Boston 1948, p. 340.

8 Trotsky, My Life, pp. 182–83.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 37.

10 Piatnitsky, pp. 90–91.

11 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, pp. 251–52.

12 A. Lunacharsky, Vospominaniia o Lenine, Moscow 1933, p. 21.

13 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 321.

14 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 325.

15 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, pp. 321, 322.

16 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 306.

17 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, pp. 441–42.

18 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 323.

19 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, pp. 434, 435.

chapter 16: lenin expels the ultra-leftists

1 A. Levin, The Second Duma, Newhaven 1940, p. 70.

2 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 458.

3 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 42.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, pp. 68–74.

5 T. Hammond, Lenin on Trade Unions and Revolution, 1893–1917, New York 1957, pp. 56–57.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 67.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, p. 48.

8 Marx, The Cologne Communist Trial, London 1971, p. 131.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 349.

10 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, pp. 458–59.

11 Lenin, Collected Works, pp. 457–58.

12 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 31, p. 32.

13 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 52.

14 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 449.

15 Stalin, Works, vol. 2, p. 172.

16 Lenin, “Letters to his mother, February 14 and May 29, 1898,” Collected Works, vol. 37, pp. 155, 264.

17 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 389.

18 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, pp. 448–49.

19 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 13, pp. 449–53.

20 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, p. 393.

21 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 51.

22 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 14, p. 19.

23 Gorky, The Confession, London 1910, pp. 309, 319–20.

24 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 35, p. 122.

25 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 366.

26 Krupskaya, pp. 174–75.

27 Nasha Zariia, no. 3, 1914; Getzler, p. 137.

chapter 17: the final split with menshevism

1 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, pp. 323–24.

2 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, p. 369.

3 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, pp. 57–58.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, p. 320.

5 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, pp. 242–43.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 164.

7 Martov, “On Liquidationism,” Golos sotsialdemokrata, August–September 1909; Getzler, p. 125.

8 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 158.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 153.

10 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, pp. 432–33.

11 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 390.

12 Lenin, “Zhivala zhizn, July 25, 1913,” Collected Works, vol. 19, pp. 44–45.

13 N. Rykov, “The present situation in Russia and the main tasks of the working-class movement at the present moment,” Nasha Zariia, nos. 9–10, in Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 322.

14 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 323.

15 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, pp. 357–58.

16 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 540.

17 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 18, p. 395.

18 Lenin, Collected Works, pp. 458–59.

19 Lenin, Collected Works, pp. 417–18.

20 Lenin, Collected Works, p. 243.

21 Trotsky, Stalin, p. 111.

22 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 19, p. 398.

23 Krupskaya, pp. 127–28.

24 E. Yaroslavsky, History of the Communist Party, Moscow 1927, vol. 5, p. 15.

25 Lane, p. 108.

26 Martow, Geschichte der russischen Sotzialdemokratie, p. 33.

27 Krupskaya, pp. 16l–62.

28 Trotsky, My Life, p. 218.

29 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, pp. 424–25.

30 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, pp. 493–94.

31 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, pp. 19–20.

32 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 101.

33 Zinoviev, p. 162.

34 Pravda, Vienna, February 12, 1910; Getzler, p. 32.

35 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 34, p. 420.

36 Martov, Spasiteli ili uprazdniteli? Paris 1911, p. 16.

37 Pravda, Vienna, no. 12, in I. Deutscher, The Prophet Armed, London 1954, p. 195.

38 Zinoviev, pp. 244–45.

39 M.A. Tsialovsky, ed., Bolsheviki, Dokumenty po istorii bolshevizma 1903 po 1916 god bivshago moskovskago okhrannago otdeleniia, Moscow 1918, pp. 48ff, in O.H. Gankin and H.H. Fisher, The Bolsheviks and the World War, Stamford University Press 1940, p. 106.

40 Lenin had no idea that Malinovsky was an agent of the okhrana. Again and again, he praised him very highly and was vehement in defending him against the “slanders” of Martov.

“What did Nasha Rabochaya Gazeta do? It spread insidious rumors and insinuations to the effect that Malinovsky is an agent provocateur. But then these intellectual gossips are past masters of the art of scandal-mongering, of going to or from Martov (or other filthy slanderers like him) and encouraging insidious rumors, or picking up and passing on insinuations! Whoever has been but once in the company of these scandal-mongering intellectualist gossips will certainly (unless he is a gossip himself) retain for the rest of his life disgust for these despicable creatures. Not a shadow of belief in the ‘rumors’ circulated by Martov and Dan; a firm determination to ignore them, to attach no importance to them” (Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, pp. 475–76).

41 Krupskaya, p. 209.

42 Krupskaya, p. 226.

43 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 35, p. 47.

44 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 43, p. 335.

45 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 35, p. 79.

46 A footnote in Lenin, Sochineniia, 3rd edition, vol. 16, p. 696, quoted in Trotsky, Stalin, p. 48.

47 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 43, p. 356.

48 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 43, pp. 385–87.

49 Trotsky, Stalin, p. 144.

50 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 35, pp. 101–02.

51 See Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 19, pp. 425–26.

52 Trotsky, Stalin, p. 160.

chapter 18: the rising revolutionary wave

1 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, pp. 214–16.

2 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 7, p. 467.

3 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 18, p. 105.

4 T. Dan, in Martow, Geschichte der russischen Sozialdemokratie, pp. 268–69.

5 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 18, pp. 471–72.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, pp. 352–53.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, pp. 298–99.

8 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, pp. 111–12.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, p. 294.

10 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 32.

11 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 36, p. 384.

12 A. Badaev, The Bolsheviks in the Tsarist Duma, London 1933, p. 179.

13 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, pp. 541–42.

14 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 19, p. 462.

15 Badaev, pp. 21–22.

16 Badaev, pp. 53–56.

17 Badaev, pp. 135–36.

18 Badaev, p. 86.

19 S.P. Turin, From Peter the Great to Lenin, London 1935, p. 53.

20 V. Grinevich, Professionalhoe dvizhenie rabochikh v Rossii, St. Petersburg 1908, p. 285.

21 S.M. Schwarz, Labor in the Soviet Union, New York 1952, p. 338.

22 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, p. 387.

23 M. Korfut, “The 1912 Insurance Act,” Krasnaia letopis, no. 1(25), 1928, p. 139.

24 Korfut, p. 163.

25 S. Milligan, “The Petrograd Bolsheviks and social insurance, 1914–17,” Soviet Studies, January 1969.

26 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 476.

27 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, p. 478.

28 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 17, pp. 478–79.

29 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, p. 234.

30 Voprosy strakhovaniia, October 26, 1913; Milligan.

31 Voprosy strakhovaniia, March 20, 1913; Milligan.

32 Voprosy strakhovaniia, May 31, 1916; Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 22, p. 184.

33 Voprosy strakhovaniia, August 31, 1915; Milligan.

34 Voprosy strakhovaniia, February 16, 1916; Milligan.

35 M.G. Fleer, Peterburgskii komitet bolshevikov v gody voiny, 1914–1917, Leningrad 1927, p. 69.

36 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 426.

chapter 19: pravda

1 For a very interesting description, see W. Bassow, “The pre-revolutionary Pravda and tsarist censorship,” The American Slavic and East European Review, February 1954.

2 Bassow, “The pre-revolutionary Pravda.”

3 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 36, p. 212.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 36, p. 283.

5 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, p. 328.

6 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 18, p. 300.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 19, p. 324.

8 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 18, pp. 543–44.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 18, pp. 586–87.

10 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 29, pp. 166–67.

11 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 5, pp. 311–12.

12 Pravda, Vienna, no. 1; Deutscher, The Prophet Armed, p. 193–94.

13 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, pp. 454–55.

14 Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, no. 2(14), 1923, p. 45.

15 Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, no. 2(14), 1923, p. 455.

16 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 35, p. 132.

17 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 10, pp. 45–47.

18 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 262.

19 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 188.

20 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 8, p. 201.

21 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, p. 363.

22 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, p. 320.

23 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, p. 369.

24 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, p. 370.

chapter 20: the bolshevik party
becomes a mass party

1 Lane, p. 72.

2 Tretii sezd RSDRP, p. 547.

3 Iskra, no. 97, April 1905; Lane, p. 74.

4 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 400.

5 Pokrovsky, Brief History of Russia, p. 155.

6 Vtoroi sezd RSDRP, pp. 514–685.

7 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, pp. 264–65.

8 M. Liadov, “The London Congress of the RSDLP in figures,” Itogi Londonskogo sezda (St. Petersburg 1907), p. 84.

9 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, p. 329.

10 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 18, p. 274.

11 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 35, p. 93.

12 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 43, p. 368.

13 Badaev, p. 110.

14 S.V. Malyshev in Molodaia gvardiia, nos. 2–3,1925, pp. 138–39.

15 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, pp. 471–72.

16 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, p. 465.

17 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, p. 356.

18 O. Piatnitsky, Iskrovski period v Moskve, Moscow-Leningrad 1928, p. 60.

19 N. Angarsky, ed., @oklady sotsial-demokraticheskikh komitetov vtoromu sezdu RSDRP, Moscow-Leningrad 1930, p. 616.

20 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 15, pp. 289–90.

21 Longley.

22 Istoriia KPSS, Moscow 1966, vol. 2, p. 338.

23 Istoriia KPSS, pp. 384–85.

24 Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, no. 2(14), 1923, p. 452.

25 Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 1, 1957, pp. 26–27.

26 A. Kiselev, “In July 1914,” Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, no. 7(30), 1924.

27 Lane, p. 12.

28 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 20.

29 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 12, p. 400.

30 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 16, p. 399.

31 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, p. 553.

32 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 19, p. 406.

33 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 19, p. 444.

34 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, p. 279.

35 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, p. 363.

36 Quoted in Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 162–63.

37 Quoted in L. Harrison, “The problem of social stability in urban Russia, 1905–1917,” Slavic Review, December 1964.

38 Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 20, pp. 364–65, 366.

39 Partiia bolshevikov v gody novogo revoliutsionnogo podema, 1910–1914 gg., Moscow 1959, pp. 284–87.

40 Partiia bolshevikov, p. 291.

41 Badaev, p. 109.

42 R.H. McNeal, Bride of the Revolution, London 1973, p. 145.

43 Trotsky, History of the Russian Revolution, p. 445.

44 V.V. Anikeev, in Voprosy Istorii KPSS, nos. 2 and 3, 1958.

45 Badaev, p. 153.